Doctor Wolverine

DOCTOR WOLVERINE / CITATIONS / SHEET 05 OF 06

CITATIONS

Every source the site quotes, paraphrases, or relies on. Numbered in order of first appearance. Linked to PubMed, PMC, or the journal of record.

I. How to read this list

The reference list is the spine of the site. Numbers in the body text correspond to entries here. Where a study reports doses, the entry preserves the species, dose, and route exactly as published. Where a paper concerns full-length forty-three-amino-acid thymosin beta-4 rather than the seven-amino-acid TB-500 fragment, the entry says so. The numbering follows order of first appearance across the site, which is why the BPC-157 foundational literature occupies the early numbers and the more recent reviews and the Tβ4 ophthalmic programme appear later in the sequence. Two entries (14a and 20a) carry a letter suffix because they were added during late editorial passes without renumbering the established sequence.

II. Primary sources, in order of appearance

The full numbered list appears in the references index below the main editorial column; the list is also rendered as a semantic ordered list on the page so that machine readers can ingest each entry as a structured citation. Outbound links land directly on PubMed, PMC, the journal of record, or the publisher's article page. Doctor Wolverine does not host PDFs or mirror full-text articles; readers wishing to read the underlying papers in full should follow the source link.

Where a citation appears multiple times across the site, the reference is listed once. Where a study has been the subject of subsequent review or commentary, both the original paper and the review are cited separately.

  1. Staresinic M, Sebecic B, Patrlj L, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2003;21(6):976-983. ↗
  2. Chang CH, Tsai WC, Hsu YH, Pang JHS. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Enhances the Growth Hormone Receptor Expression in Tendon Fibroblasts. Molecules. 2014;19(11):19066-19077. ↗
  3. Krivic A, Anic T, Seiwerth S, Huljev D, Sikiric P. Achilles detachment in rat and stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: promoted tendon-to-bone healing and opposed corticosteroid aggravation. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2006;24(5):982-989. ↗
  4. Brcic L, Brcic I, Staresinic M, Novinscak T, Sikiric P, Seiwerth S. Modulatory effect of gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on angiogenesis in muscle and tendon healing. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2009;60 Suppl 7:191-196. ↗
  5. He L, Feng D, Guo H, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022;13:1026182. ↗
  6. McGuire FP, Martinez R, Lenz A, Skinner L, Cushman DM. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2025;18(12):611-619. ↗
  7. Vasireddi N, Hahamyan H, Salata MJ, et al. Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review. HSS Journal. 2025. ↗
  8. Bajramagic S, Sever M, Rasic F, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Intestinal Anastomoses Therapy in Rats—A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024;17(8):1081. ↗
  9. Bock-Marquette I, Saxena A, White MD, Dimaio JM, Srivastava D. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-472. ↗
  10. Smart N, Risebro CA, Melville AAD, et al. Thymosin β4 induces adult epicardial progenitor mobilization and neovascularization. Nature. 2007;445(7124):177-182. ↗
  11. Sosne G, Qiu P, Kurpakus-Wheater M. Thymosin beta 4: A novel corneal wound healing and anti-inflammatory agent. Clinical Ophthalmology. 2007;1(3):201-207. ↗
  12. Guarnera G, DeRosa A, Camerini R. Thymosin beta-4 and venous ulcers: clinical remarks on a European prospective, randomized study on safety, tolerability, and enhancement on healing. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2007;1112:407-412. ↗
  13. Sosne G, Dunn SP, Kim C. Thymosin β4 significantly improves signs and symptoms of severe dry eye in a phase 2 randomized trial. Cornea. 2015;34(5):491-496. ↗
  14. Wang T, Liu Q, Wang M, et al. A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin β4 in healthy Chinese volunteers. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 2021;25(18):8698-8708. ↗
  15. Sosne G, Kim C, Kleinman HK. 0.1% RGN-259 (Thymosin β4) Ophthalmic Solution Promotes Healing and Improves Comfort in Neurotrophic Keratopathy Patients in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Masked Phase III Clinical Trial. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(1):554. ↗
  16. Kleinman HK, Sosne G. Thymosin β4 Promotes Dermal Healing. Vitamins and Hormones. 2016;102:251-275. ↗
  17. Santra M, Chopp M, Zhang ZG, et al. Thymosin β4 mediates oligodendrocyte differentiation by upregulating p38 MAPK. Glia. 2012;60(12):1826-1838. ↗
  18. Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2012;12(1):37-51. ↗
  19. Nguyen J, Verma S, Vuong VT, Queener H, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Gesteira TF. Engineered Tandem Thymosin Peptide Promotes Corneal Wound Healing. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2025;66(14):31. ↗
  20. Jozwiak M, Bauer M, Kamysz W, Kleczkowska P. Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide—Literature and Patent Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025;18(2):185. ↗
  21. Perovic D, Kolenc D, Bilic V, et al. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 can improve the healing course of spinal cord injury and lead to functional recovery in rats. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2019;14(1):199. ↗
  22. Matek D, Matek I, Staresinic E, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as Therapy After Surgical Detachment of the Quadriceps Muscle from Its Attachments for Muscle-to-Bone Reattachment in Rats. Pharmaceutics. 2025;17(1):119. ↗
  23. Safer D, Elzinga M, Nachmias VT. Thymosin β4 and Fx, an actin-sequestering peptide, are indistinguishable. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1991;266(7):4029-4032. (Foundational structural and biochemical Tβ4-actin literature; basis for the LKKTETQ-fragment design that underlies the TB-500 product.) ↗
  24. Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta 4 and the eye: the journey from bench to bedside. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2018;18(sup1):99-104. ↗
  25. Demirtas H, Ozer A, Yildirim AK, Dursun AD, Sezen SC, Arslan M. Protective Effects of BPC 157 on Liver, Kidney, and Lung Distant Organ Damage in Rats with Experimental Lower-Extremity Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025;61(2):291. ↗
  26. Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Medicine. 2026. ↗
  27. Cha HJ, Jeong MJ, Kleinman HK. Role of thymosin beta4 in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003;95(22):1674-1680. ↗
  28. Hsieh MJ, Liu HT, Wang CN, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin). 2017;95(3):323-333. ↗
  29. Ruff D, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2010;1194:223-229. ↗
  30. Ho ENM, et al. Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin beta4, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 2012;1265:57-69. ↗
  31. Esposito S, et al. Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential. Drug Testing and Analysis. 2012;4(11):863-869. ↗